Engineering Mathematics: Taylor and Maclaurin Series

TS.ID.1: Taylor Series Definition

Sigma representation

$\sum_{n=0} ^ {\infty } \frac {f^{(n)}(a)}{n!} \, (x-a)^{n}$

TS.ID.2: Maclaurin Series

TS.ID.3: Trigonometric Functions

$\sin x = \sum^{\infty}_{n=0} \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!} x^{2n+1} = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!}- \cdots\text{ for all } x$

proof

$\cos x = \sum^{\infty}_{n=0} \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!} x^{2n} = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \cdots\text{ for all } x$
proof

$\tan x = \sum^{\infty}_{n=1} \frac{B_{2n} (-4)^n (1-4^n)}{(2n)!} x^{2n-1} = x + \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{2 x^5}{15} + \cdots\text{ for }|x| < \frac{\pi}{2}$

proof

TS.ID.4: Hyberbolic Functions

$\sinh x = \sum^{\infty}_{n=0} \frac{x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!} = x + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} + \cdots\text{ for all } x\$

proof

$\cosh x = \sum^{\infty}_{n=0} \frac{x^{2n}}{(2n)!} = 1 + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} + \cdots\text{ for all } x$

proof

$\tanh x = \sum^{\infty}_{n=1} \frac{B_{2n} 4^n (4^n-1)}{(2n)!} x^{2n-1} = x-\frac{1}{3}x^3+\frac{2}{15}x^5-\frac{17}{315}x^7+\cdots \text{ for }|x| < \frac{\pi}{2}$